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Baltimore Stream Restoration: Assessments of Environmental, Willingness to Pay, and Social Suitability


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Created: Mar 11, 2026 at 4:51 p.m. (UTC)
Last updated: Mar 29, 2026 at 8:32 p.m. (UTC)
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Abstract

Reducing nitrogen delivery to coastal waters is a “wicked problem” involving tradeoffs in environmental, economic and social need domains. Because these tradeoffs arise from spatial and temporal complexities in sources and sinks of this element, we hypothesized that a transdisciplinary focus on disproportionality could allow for the identification of “hot” or “sweet” spots where multiple factors converge to create opportunities to control nitrogen flux. We applied this approach to the Baltimore, MD USA region by mapping stream reaches with high nitrogen concentrations, hydrologic conditions amenable to stream restoration, high willingness to pay for restoration projects, and high social need for restoration, and subsequently identifying locations where these factors converge to create sweet spots. Our analysis suggests that sweet spots that optimize environmental, economic, and social need components of sustainability may be rare. The desire to bundle multiple benefits in the budgeting for environmental interventions such as stream restoration may create a sub-optimal distribution of these interventions in a sustainability context.

The repository:
The repository includes data stream-level nitrogen reduction post-stream restoration, willingness to pay (WTP) from households within 1 mile of stream midpoints, and associated census factors within the 1-mi buffer. Estimates of stream nitrogen concentrations from the SPARROW model (https://sparrow.wim.usgs.gov/sparrow-northeast-2012) within our study area are also included. A Jupyter Notebook contains code for processing and generating figures of the study. Check "README.docx" file for details.

Subject Keywords

Coverage

Spatial

Coordinate System/Geographic Projection:
WGS 84 EPSG:4326
Coordinate Units:
Decimal degrees
Place/Area Name:
Baltimore
North Latitude
39.6343°
East Longitude
-76.3168°
South Latitude
39.1664°
West Longitude
-76.9215°

Content

Related Resources

This resource is described by Rosenberg, A. B., Newburn, D. A., & Towe, C. A. (2022). Household willingness to pay for stream restoration on private and public land: Evidence from the Baltimore metropolitan region. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 59(2), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13089
This resource is described by Zhang, R., Newburn, D., Rosenberg, A., Lin, L., Groffman, P., Duncan, J., & Band, L. (2022). Spatial Asynchrony in environmental and economic benefits of stream restoration. Environmental Research Letters, 17(5), 054004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac61c6
This resource is described by Shields, C. A., Band, L. E., Law, N., Groffman, P. M., Kaushal, S. S., Savvas, K., Fisher, G. T., & Belt, K. T. (2008). Streamflow distribution of non–point source nitrogen export from urban‐rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Water Resources Research, 44(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006360
The content of this resource is derived from Zhang, R. (2026). Baltimore Stream Restoration: Assessments of Environmental, Willingness to Pay, and Social Suitability, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/2eb09e65cde84162a9a5fdeb580b7623, accessed on: 03/11/2026

Credits

Funding Agencies

This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
Agency Name Award Title Award Number
U.S. National Science Foundation Coastal Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability EAR-1426819
U.S. National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research DEB-1855277
U.S. National Science Foundation Long Term Research in Environmental Biology DEB-2123318
United States Department of Agriculture None None

Contributors

People or Organizations that contributed technically, materially, financially, or provided general support for the creation of the resource's content but are not considered authors.

Name Organization Address Phone Author Identifiers
Lawrence Band University of Virginia Virginia, US
David A. Newburn University of Maryland
J. Morgan Grove USDA Forest Service
Andrew Miller University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Andrew Rosenberg USDA Economic Research Service
Charles Towe University of Connecticut
Dexter Locke USDA Forest Service
Ruoyu Zhang University of Virginia Virginia, US
Alexander Reisinger University of Florida
Jon Duncan Penn State University PA, US
Peter Groffman City University of New York;Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies New York, US

How to Cite

Zhang, R. (2026). Baltimore Stream Restoration: Assessments of Environmental, Willingness to Pay, and Social Suitability, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/593f96cc79cb4062b70503c1ac37f761

This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CC-BY

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