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Stream Chlorophyll and Pheophytin data collected by Stroud Water Research Center

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Stream Chemistry data collected by Stroud Water Research Center

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Continuous streamflow data collected by the Stroud Water Research Center within the 3rd-order research watershed, White Clay Creek above McCue Road.

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Stream Temperature data collected by Stroud Water Research Center

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Well Water Level data collected by Stroud Water Research Center

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Total suspended solids (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) from White Clay Creek near the Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, USA. The purpose is to quantify export of inorganic and organic particulate matter from the 725-hectare watershed. Samples consist of those taken at monthly intervals, normally the first Wednesday of each month regardless of weather or flow conditions and those taken after precipitation events. The monthly samples are manual grab samples collected in 5-L polyethylene “space saver” bottles from a few centimeters below the surface and without disturbance to the stream bed. The event samples were collected in response to precipitation of 20 mm or more using an ISCO automated sampler which collected 1-L samples s in polyethylene bottles at hourly intervals through an intake approximately 20 cm above the bed. Each of approximately four events per year are represented by approximately 10 samples selected from the hourly series to characterize the rise, peak, and falling limb of the hydrograph. Additional events are represented by the three samples nearest peak flow.

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The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a network of climate stations developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The USCRN's primary goal is to provide future long-term homogeneous temperature and precipitation observations that can be coupled to long-term historical observations for the detection and attribution of present and future climate change.
Date Range Comments: Five minute and Hourly

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The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a network of climate stations developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The USCRN's primary goal is to provide future long-term homogeneous temperature and precipitation observations that can be coupled to long-term historical observations for the detection and attribution of present and future climate change.
Date Range Comments: Hourly

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The United States Geological Survey has collected continuous instantaneous time-series data, with intervals commonly ranging from 5-60 minutes. Historically, these instantaneous data have been processed into various daily values, such as the daily maximum, minimum and/or mean. This was done primarily to provide concise values for publication in paper reports. In more recent years, and particularly since the USGS began making real-time instantaneous data available on NWISWeb in 1994, more attention has been given to historical instantaneous data and USGS offices have received increasing requests for these data. Some challenges with meeting those requests are:

Most historical instantaneous data are paper based and were never stored on a computer or were deleted from computers after the computation of the daily values in order to save computer storage space. In most cases this data still exists as original field records, but it is a significant effort to create digital data from the paper-based records.

Instantaneous data have not historically received the same level of quality control as the official published daily values. For example, periods of fouling may affect the calculation of daily values for a water-quality parameter. In these situations, daily values are typically not published but erroneous instantaneous data remain in the database.

For more info on accuracy codes etc, see comments/README

Date Range Comments: 30 min to 1 hour intervals

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The U.S. Geological Survey maintains 15 stations to measure the flow of Chester County streams. Streams are a critical component of our environment and economic infrastructure. They are critical to water availability for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. They are the source of floods, which are among the Nation's most severe natural disasters, both in loss of life and in economic damage. They provide the habitat, spawning grounds, and avenues of movement for fish. Streams are a source of great recreational activity in terms of boating, fishing, and simple enjoyment of visiting and viewing the stream and its environs. Finally, streams are indicators of the condition of the landscape. They integrate effects from their entire watershed.

Surface-water information collected at these streamflow-measurement stations is used for surveillance, planning, design, flood warning, operation and management of dams, in water-related fields such as water supply, flood control, irrigation, bridge and culvert design, wildlife management, pollution abatement, flood-plain management, and water-resources development.
Date Range Comments: 15 minute intervals

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Since 1969, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Chester County Water Resources Authority have conducted a cooperative program to evaluate stream ecology and water-quality conditions using benthic macroinvertebrates and stream-water chemistry. The Stream Conditions of Chester County Program has sampled streams every fall for over 30 years. The initial goals of the program were to evaluate stream-water quality and to further the understanding of changes in the stream ecosystem in response to urbanization. The current goals of the program are to use the data to monitor current conditions and determine trends. Data from the program have been used to help support Chester County Landscapes by providing information on biological diversity and water-quality conditions. Without monitoring it is impossible to determine if changes in land use or environmental policies and regulation are having a positive affect on water quality.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are macroscopic animals that inhabit the bottoms of aquatic habitats. Freshwater forms include aquatic insects and other invertebrates including clams, crustaceans, snails, and worms. Factors such as streamflow, food availability, habitat, temperature, and water quality determine the makeup of the macroinvertebrate community. By sampling in similar habitats with similar physical conditions, water quality becomes the determining factor controlling community structure. Changes in abundance, diversity, species richness, and presence or absence of pollution tolerant or intolerant species can be measured and related to water quality. Trends in water quality can be determined by sampling at a single location over several years and observing changes to the community structure.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are well suited as water-quality indicators because of their biology and availability. They are present in most aquatic systems and are relatively easy to collect. They are indicators of overall water quality and can be used to identify specific types and sources of degraded water quality. Benthic macroinvertebrates have limited mobility and cannot avoid poor water-quality conditions. They are sensitive to a wide range of environmental impacts including chemical and physical impairments.

Biological samples collected for the Stream Conditions of Chester County Biological Monitoring Network consist of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from a riffle area of the stream. A riffle habitat is used because macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance is usually highest there.

See more info in Comments/README

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The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a network of observation wells to measure changes in water level in Chester County in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority. The water level in these wells is measured monthly. The data are used for drought prediction and management, monitoring the water table in different aquifers and different parts of Chester County, and monitoring and assessing the effects of urbanization on the water table.
Date Range Comments: mostly monthly, a few measurements were weekly

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The Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS) is a tool for decision makers involved with emergency management, natural resource monitoring, transportation, and other activities throughout the State of Delaware. DEOS also provides both State agencies and the citizens of Delaware with immediate information as to environmental conditions in and around the State.

DEOS is a real-time system dedicated to monitoring environmental conditions. DEOS consists of three main components:

The DEOS Environmental Monitoring and Observing Network (DEMON), a network of approximately thirty new meteorological observation sites coupled with existing weather and other environmental observation sites in and around Delaware.

The DEOS Integrated Visualization and Analysis System (DIVAS), an integration of surface weather observations with National Weather Service WSR-88D radar estimates of precipitation, thereby providing estimates of meteorological and environmental variables over a high spatial resolution grid

The DEOS Analysis Systems (DAS), designed to provide decision support in a variety of environmentally-sensitive areas.

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GHCN (Global Historical Climatology Network ) ‐ Daily is a database that addresses the critical need for historical daily temperature, precipitation, and snow records over global land areas. GHCN‐Daily is a

composite of climate records from numerous sourcesthat were merged and then subjected to a suite of quality assurance reviews. The archive includes over 40 meteorological elements including temperature daily maximum/minimum, temperature at observation time, precipitation,snowfall, snow depth, evaporation, wind movement, wind maximums,soil temperature, cloudiness, and more.
Date Range Comments: daily

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Meteorological data collected at Stroud Water Research Center

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Olesya Lazareva, Donald L. Sparks, Anthony Aufdenkampe

The Christina River Basin-Critical Zone Observatory (CRB-CZO), located in the Piedmont region of Southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, is a partnership between the University of Delaware and the Stroud Water Research Center. At Transect A of the White Clay Creek Watershed (WCCW) of the CRB-CZO, the composition of soil pore-waters and stream was investigated to understand how the geochemical dynamics of Fe- and Mn- along redox gradients affect the C cycle within a floodplain aquifer.

Soil pore-water was collected with in-situ borosilicate glass samplers (50 mm long, 20 mm diameter, 1 μm pore size, Ecotech, Germany) with the attached PTFE (Teflon) tubes (3/1.5 mm i.d./o.d) to sampling bottle. Six samplers were deployed on both sides of the floodplain within a 10-40 cm thick dark organic-rich silty soil that represents a buried pre-settlement wetland soil, underlain gravel, and stream. No pore-water was extracted from the pre-settlement deposits due to unsaturated conditions. Water sampling was carried out for about 14 months (July, 2011 - September, 2012) on biweekly basis except last 2 months in order to evaluate temporal and spatial biogeochemical dynamics of floodplain aquifer under a variety of meteorological and hydrologic conditions. In total, 103 soil pore-water samples were collected and analyzed for DOC, Fe and Mn, pH, temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, major anions, major cations, δD, and δ18O.

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Diana Karwan, Olesya Lazareva, Donald L. Sparks, Anthony Aufdenkampe

The Christina River Basin-Critical Zone Observatory (CRB-CZO), located in the Piedmont region of Southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, is a partnership between the University of Delaware and the Stroud Water Research Center. At Transect A of the White Clay Creek Watershed (WCCW) of the CRB-CZO, the composition of soil pore-waters and stream was investigated to understand how the geochemical dynamics of Fe- and Mn- along redox gradients affect the C cycle within a floodplain aquifer.

Soil pore-water was collected with in-situ borosilicate glass samplers (50 mm long, 20 mm diameter, 1 μm pore size, Ecotech, Germany) with the attached PTFE (Teflon) tubes (3/1.5 mm i.d./o.d) to sampling bottle. Six samplers were deployed on both sides of the floodplain within a 10-40 cm thick dark organic-rich silty soil that represents a buried pre-settlement wetland soil, underlain gravel, and stream. No pore-water was extracted from the pre-settlement deposits due to unsaturated conditions. Water sampling was carried out for about 14 months (July, 2011 - September, 2012) on biweekly basis except last 2 months in order to evaluate temporal and spatial biogeochemical dynamics of floodplain aquifer under a variety of meteorological and hydrologic conditions. In total, 103 soil pore-water samples were collected and analyzed for DOC, Fe and Mn, pH, temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, major anions, major cations, δD, and δ18O.

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Deuterium and Oxygen-18 measured on stream water samples collected during baseflow and stormflow conditions.

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Deuterium and Oxygen-18 measured on time-integrated, bulk precipitation.